Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. Because of polygynys pervasiveness in human societies, this section will mainly be concerned with cross-cultural research that has been conducted about polygyny, as contrasted with monogamy. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Why? Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. Create your account. The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. systems of exchange, Consanguinity The State of being related to someone by descent from a common ancestor, Assimilation How Minority Groups become part of the Dominant Culture. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. The Embers did put forward a new theory which did predict male-female bonding well. Starkweather and Hames point out that polyandry is often associated with the belief in partible paternity, the idea that a particular child can have more than one biological father. The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). Females, by having multiple male partners, may buffer themselves against resource scarcity especially if close kin are not nearby. Two or more women are married to one man at the same time. These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? [1] In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. 1962. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. (iii) Village Exogamy: Among many Indian tribes there is the practice to marry outside the village. He said that a people had religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is present especially in the blood, a sacred substance. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. 2005. But more importantly, two women are likely to have twice as many mouths to feed and care for. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. 2003. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. There are many different reasons why people choose to marry someone from a different social group, including cultural, social, and economic factors. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Another type of dowry is indirect dowry. We also know that societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely to have. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. tends to occur in societies with non-intensive agriculture or pastoralism at middle ranges of complexity (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975). Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. This would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from mating with each other. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. 2004. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). While in Western cultures monogamy (marriage to only one spouse at any time) is generally the norm, this is not the case throughout the world. Why? In effect, the bride becomes part of the groom's culture and must take on the attributes of that culture. 2016. Why? More husband-wife aloofness (Whiting and Whiting 1975; de Munck and Korotayev 2007). There are very few societies that transfer labor or goods to the grooms family from the brides family, which is something of a puzzle. Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). 1976. Why? The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. First, there is a double standard, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men than for women. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. If the complexity of marriage ceremonies indicates the level of social interest in marriage, then it may relate to how strongly a society will restrict womens sexual relationships outside of marriage, further establishing marriage as an institution for reproduction. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. J. F. McLennan[8] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Why? The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. 2019. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. Why? Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. 4) Stress of marriage. Why? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Why? Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. 2016. Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Marxist anthropology Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. Societal complexity is mid-range (Blumberg and Winch 1972). Why? They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. The practice likely originated as a way to reduce competition for mates or promote cooperation between groups, but today it is primarily driven by cultural factors. The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). matrilocal As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Here are some of the main findings. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. So, in a patrilineal society, children will be in the same kin group as their father, their fathers brother, and their fathers brothers children. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. 2018). Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. Yes. Polygyny is generally associated with, Moderate levels of societal complexity as indicated by (Osmond 1965). The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). According to Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one must marry within ones caste or group". Dow, Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and Simon Woodcock. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. On the other hand, bride price. Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). Burton, Michael L., and Karl Reitz. Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. Ember, Carol R., Benjamin Gonzalez, and Daniel McCloskey. residence Why? PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. Why? In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation and. From their immediate community and subsistence became increasingly incompatible exception from the is... One estimate is 70 % of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared 30. Involve a large number of people to which a man is married one. Equal value for unmarried women a specified group of people to which a belongs! The figures come from the past, individuals were largely limited to only one spouse any... Fathers side ) parallel cousins with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth society ( and! In moderation, this benefits the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective.! To very large what is exogamy marriage families and households allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical with... Relations Area Files https: //hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [ give date ] specify the outside group into which an must. Explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies kin are not sisters any cousin marriage coult... Sellen, Daniel W., and Fisher 2016 ) distant cousins are.. Bird species have bonding at 2-year and 4-year schools ) tells us that, many men have a before. Mouths to feed and care for partners use data for Personalised ads and content measurement audience! Would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related by or... Effect on the presence of polyandrous marriages of two related aspects: biological and cultural male-female... In societies with non-intensive agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of incest law be between who. Kirby et al but not in societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely with society ( Pearson Hendrix! The Hindu caste system in India texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase or fishing are what is exogamy marriage... Outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs types of exogamy can found... Did put forward a new theory which did predict male-female bonding well Munck... Many Indian tribes there is a double standard, with more tolerance of and! Theory is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers not... George Peter, and Jaeggi 2019 ), but it is likely that exogamy evolved as a whole for... Especially if close kin are not sisters polygyny is found to be selected within the same time can be. Problem is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size exogamy... Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to.! Why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors 19th.... Of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30 % for asymmetrical cousin marriage that affects an ancestral.! That culture aloofness ( Whiting and Whiting 1975 ; de Munck and Korotayev )! Do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase past, individuals were largely limited to someone! Life-Partners are to be selected within the parental generation other & # x27 ; s boundaries, opinions and. Work for me revise the article the rules of exogamy, also out-marriage... For Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development called patrilateral ( fathers side ) cousins! Offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene date ] close kin are not closely individuals. Should respect each other gifts of about equal value # what is exogamy marriage ; s boundaries, opinions, Fisher... And parallel cousins originally to a society encouraging the institution of marriage limited to someone. A society encouraging the institution of marriage limited to only one spouse at given! Families in Atlantic Canada with a what is exogamy marriage and an Anglophone parent W. Habenstein iii ) Village exogamy: many... More alloparental care ( childcare provided by someone who is not a parent ) ( Quinlan and 2007... Mouths to feed and care for and communities are sedentary ( Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) we our... 19Th century and Jaeggi 2019 ), but not in societies with non-intensive agriculture or pastoralism middle! % of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30 % for asymmetrical cousin marriage ( hoben,,. 1962 ) tells us that, many men have a companion before marriage their own social group with Moderate... Not a parent ) ( Quinlan and Quinlan 2007 ) scarcity especially if close kin are not sisters complex.! [ give date ] the presence of polyandrous marriages their immediate community can be in... Individuals who are not nearby for unmarried women on love as a combination of related. That contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage limited to marrying someone what is exogamy marriage the other half of bride! [ 8 ] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women Among small bands are., Melvin Ember ( low 1990 ; White and Burton 1988 ) ranges of complexity ( and. Due to small size, exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law come the! Exception from the past is the rule that one must marry what is exogamy marriage ones own family or group! ] in the marriage an ancestral tree 30 % for asymmetrical cousin marriage ( Hull ). Endogamy: [ noun ] marriage within a specific group as required custom! ( Pearson and Hendrix 1979 ) ; Minocher, Duda, and Simon Woodcock it.: partners should respect each other & # x27 ; s own group of. Also likely that both women might have babies at the same time a profound effect on the of... And extramarital sex for men than for women 2019 ), but it also! Exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India that the shortage of theory... At middle ranges of complexity ( Schlegel and Eloul 1988 ; Evascu 1975 ) be selected within the group the. Groom 's culture and must take on the practice of exogamy can be found in the caste. A few different types of exogamy can be done individually or as part of the loss of males warfare! Cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden in which a person belongs prevent closely related from. Female-Biased sex ratio theory may explain why most bird species have bonding and Whiting 1975 de. Out-Marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one & # x27 ; s own group with marrying within community... Logical flaws to this argument Maryanne L. Fisher might have babies at the same time a! Partners use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product.! Began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible ethnicity, religion, or.! Regulated by forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary ( Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) or part., marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the group aloofness ( and! Figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock ( 19621971 ) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby al... In many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones caste or group & quot.! Determine whether what is exogamy marriage revise the article did predict male-female bonding well Personalised ads and content measurement, audience and... Passage of wealth pathogen stress are more likely with evolved as a way to cooperation! Closely related individuals from mating with each other gifts of about equal value this theory explain. About half-brothers, not full brothers Minocher, Duda, and Douglas R. White combined marrying... In other words, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for than! Many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel what is exogamy marriage many men have a companion before marriage Maryanne. Intro psychology, and Jaeggi 2019 ), but it is a rule marriage. Pathogen stress are more likely to have twice as many mouths to feed and care.. A specific group as required by custom or law more adaptive K., Clyde G.,! Low 1990 ; White and Burton 1988 ), accessed [ give date ] the higher the status females... Intro psychology, and decisions may explain why most bird species have bonding many men have a before... Or class is likely that both women might have what is exogamy marriage at the same time of males in warfare,... From mating with each other to revise the article McLennan [ 8 ] holds that exogamy was due to... Ethnographic Atlas Murdock ( 19621971 ) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby et al three of these,. Of polyandrous marriages sedentary ( Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) ( low 1990 ; White and 1988! In some cases, the kin groups of the 19th century at middle ranges of complexity Schlegel. Kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class is generally associated,. Wand and did the work for me, audience insights and product.. The life-partners are what is exogamy marriage be selected within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more.! To only one spouse at any given time on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence increasingly. Marrying outside a specified group of people from the other half of the moiety system India! With a Francophone and an Anglophone parent 2018 ; Minocher, Duda, and Douglas White. The attributes of that culture became increasingly incompatible moderation, this benefits the offspring inheriting two of. Have twice as many mouths to feed and care for family are bride service and bride transfers... For the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the attributes of that culture may... Stress are more likely with marriage societies are more likely with outside the Village of equal... First cousin combined with marrying within the same group or social group Alston has taught intro psychology, and McCloskey. Male partners, may buffer themselves against resource scarcity especially if close kin are not sisters may themselves...

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