Cameron also wanted to revolutionize the way psychology and psychiatry looked at mental illness. Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron did experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Here's why MKUltra's top brainwashing scientist was a nightmare. In his analysis, culture and society played a crucial role in the ability for one to function according to the demands necessary for human survival. Case of Gail Kastner: The shock treatment turned the then 19 year old honours student into a woman who sucked her thumb, talked like a baby, demanded to be fed from a bottle and urinated on the floor. At that point her affluent family abandoned her and she lived in poverty. She was admitted to McGill's Allan Memorial Institute in 1957, needing help dealing with depression and the loss of her child. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Ben: As for the CIAs MK-ULTRA program itself, it never had an official end date. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. Amory: But Cameron was publishing articles and giving speeches about his work throughout his life. Ben: The study also said that these treatments, the de-patterning and psychic driving programs including LSD injections, induced comas, sensory deprivation and electroshock had a detrimental impact on patients memories, which, in retrospect, might have been part of the point. . Duncan: Well, I think that I would feel sad about that. Cameron believed that mental illness was literally contagious that if one came into contact with someone with mental illness, one would begin to produce the symptoms of a mental disease. Just as Sigrid Schultz stated in Germany will try it again, Cameron fostered a fear for Germans and their genetic determination. ", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,". This must be very difficult, very complicated for them. I mean, he was fascinated with the future in his own field of psychiatry, medicine and government. Did he ever talk about that? Cameron also hoped to generate families capable of using authority and techniques to take measures against mental illness, which would later be apparent in Cameron's MKULTRA and MKDELTA experiments. Rauh: --Well, I will put it another way. Duncan: You see, he doesn't have a scowl. Ben: But the Canadian and US governments could take accountability for their support of Cameron. Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebbs sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatrys instruments of torture. North America. The manual got updated in 1980, but the techniques that have come about including things like waterboarding and restraint in a "coffin-like wooden box" still harken back to that original research. We were unable to subscribe you to WBUR Today. These negative statements were sometimes taken from the therapy sessions Cameron conducted when patients first arrived, says Rebecca Lemov, author of "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron." That right there is getting into some shady territory, but the promise of a $10,000 grant the equivalent of just over $100,000 today had to be pretty tempting. Ben: Jims right. She said: "She wasn't able to talk to me about life and regular stuff. He began to develop the discipline of social psychiatry which concentrated on the roles of interpersonal interaction, family, community and culture in the emergence and amelioration of emotional disturbance. Josh Crane Twitter Producer, Podcasts & New ProgramsJosh is a producer for podcasts and new programs at WBUR. [25], Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. He never got one. Ben: When Amory and I spoke to Duncan Cameron about his dad, he also told us about his own work, as a lawyer. Amory: Nearly everyone who experienced Camerons treatments first-hand has since died. And they found his work next to worthless. Cameron stated, "Get it understood how dangerous these damaged, sick personalities are to ourselves and above all, to our children, whose traits are taking form and we shall find ways to put an end to them." You have been subscribed to WBUR Today. On March 10, Cameron's notes read: "She is disoriented as to time only and is probably in her second stage of depatterning. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. [8] Yeah so it was sad. The described types were the enemies of society and life. It's Boston local news in one concise, fun and informative email. [31][2] In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada,[32] author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. After his mother confirmed that yes, there were 12 boxes of papers that her sons both lawyers said she probably shouldn't share, Duncan revealed that he had gone through and taken out "several papers" that identified "a particular patient." Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. In 1936, he moved to Massachusetts to become director of the research division at Worcester State Hospital only 1 year later. "[H]e was born in. Pregnant with son Lloyd, Esther was kept in a drug-induced coma in the sleep room for a month, where she lost 13 pounds. Duncan Cameron: No. "Now, that was a foolish mistake. The sick were, for Cameron, the viral infection to its stability and health. Ben: But some key documentation of Camerons time at the Allan is straight up missing. Ben: Would you have anything that you would want to say to Dr. Cameron or his family? And one of these risks was the treatment that he was using. Thank you! His response? And, until theres true accountability for what happened and what is still happening, it never will be. Amory: Marians mom died three ago. Sounds questionable? Cameron quickly found patients didn't want to listen to the messages. memorial page for Donald Ewen Cameron (1852-5 Feb 1892), Find a Grave Memorial ID 170055188, citing Cameron Cemetery, Indian River . Unfortunately, a lot of what went on within them has been lost: In 1973, the majority of the documents associated with MKUltra were destroyed in a massive (and not-at-all-suspicious) purge. In theory, he was supposed to help her anxiety, depression, and postpartum depression. Stephen: So they created a manual, which basically was for intelligence personnel. The CBC says the CIA recruited Dr. Ewen Cameron a few years into MKUltra, using the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology to approach Cameron and tell him that he really, really needed to apply for one of their grants. She very slowly recovered mostly and died in 2017. There are a few ways to reach us: This content was originally created for audio. But the government agency backing his experiments at the Allan did find a way to make use of his methods. If you want that too, we would deeply appreciate your contribution to our work in any amount. He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. They fear the stranger, they fear the new idea; they are afraid to live, and scared to die." In 1936, he also published his first book, Objective and Experimental Psychiatry which introduced his belief that psychiatry should approach the study of human behavior in a rigorous, scientific fashion rooted in biology. If you haven't heard Parts 1 through 4 yet, you can find them here, here,here,and here. According to Cameron's psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans. She was a former captain of the Scottish field hockey team, a competitive tennis player,[11] and lecturer in mathematics at the University of Glasgow. But we do have his son, Duncan Cameron. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression. And you can get a real sense of your own, where you are in the world. Region. Because it would seem to me, or I was concerned as a lawyer, that it might be a breach of the patient-doctor privilege. Duncan: I'm Duncan Cameron. Duncan: He probably did, but I dont think I could remember the specifics of it. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. He moved to Upstate New York where he studied aging and memory at two hospitals in Albany. The idea was turning the mind into a fresh slate for the next part of the process, called "psychic driving.". Heres documentarian Stephen Bennett, whose film Eminent Monsters looks at the real echoes of Camerons work in government interrogation programs today. Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria, per a short commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Marian Cameron. Most of the patient files are gone, and according to WBUR, they weren't just misplaced, they were destroyed. And I recall going through them and *taking out* several papers that appeared to me to be identified or could be identified as dealing with a particular patient. Therefore, society should function to select out the weak and unwanted, those apt towards fearsome aggression that threatened society. Amory: He doesnt explicitly say that he was the one who did the destroying. David Cameron's grandfather Ewen Donald Cameron (1906-1958) was a City of London figure who became a director at the stock brokerage house Panmure Gordon. The program is widely believed to have been partly funded by the United States Central Intelligence Agency as part of their top-secret MKULTRA program. She said that at the time, Cameron was something of a celebrity. John Marks observes, Ewen Cameron did not need the CIA to corrupt him. sister. So I think the complaints of the doctors and nurses had reached their ears. Amory: Ben and I are in an apartment in Washington D.C. thats bursting with morning light and books, and were flipping through some of our hosts old family photos. He promoted a philosophy where chaos could be prevented by removing the weak from society. [39], Social and intrapsychic behaviour analysis, Cameron and Freud: civilization and discontents. On the weekends, you'd think he would go out and mow the lawn or bask in the sun or go play golf or tennis, but none of it. So what led the CIA to get onto this fantasy? Toby Ziegler:In the '50s, it was the CIA mind control research program begun in response to the Chinese attempt on U.S. prisoners. Ontario. That was just something we wanted to get clarification on. Experts must develop methods of forcefully changing attitudes and beliefs to prevent the authoritarian overlord. A possessive type, filled with jealousy and demanding utmost loyalty. Ewen Cameron made the hike with Duncans younger brother, James. Jean Steel was another one of Cameron's patients, and like the others she didn't sign up to be a part of MKUltra, depatterning, or psychic driving at all. Theres no clear approach to the summit only overgrown pathways. (laughter). Cameron wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. 5, p. 2227) As a result of the lawsuit, the CIA agreed to pay $750,000, the maximum allowed under U.S. law, to settle a case without conceding liability. Psychiatry would play a disciplinary role. Although society had established sanctions against the spread of infectious diseases, Cameron wanted to extend the concept of contagion to chronic anxiety. And I think my father would have too. Camerons techniques have no therapeutic validity whatsoever; they were comparable to Nazi medical atrocities. Ben: About halfway through, Prosecutor Joseph Rauh starts quoting statements that Camerons wife Duncans mom made on the record. It petered out in the early 60s as the programs director, Sidney Gottlieb, came to a realization. It's safe to say that the exact opposite happened. In some cases, the same phrases reappear all through these. Like, did she always have problems? And he said, Oh, gosh. She goes, No. She was the one that was gonna go and conquer the world. Indian River. Duncan: Talking about him, it should be easy, but sometimes it's sort of emotional. While guys like Freud encouraged talking through problems, Cameron thought things like electroshock therapy and drug cocktails could be used to physically change the brain and get rid of the illness in question. Ewen married Agnes Cameron (born Bell) in 1867, at age 35 at marriage place. A Canadian government dismissed the CIAs role as a side issue or red herring; Ottawas Justice Department denied legal responsibility, offering each victim a nugatory $20,000 nuisance payment. Jim Turner: The most salient point that I recall is that Camerons son told us that he'd taken his father's private records and had destroyed them. This personality type poses a danger to those closest to them, especially children. in psychological medicine from the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. [citation needed][21]. Cameron wanted to build an inventive psychiatric institution to determine rapid ways for societal control while demanding a psychological economy that did not center itself around guilt and guilt complexes. So I think in a certain way they believed that what fiction writers could come up with, somebody could actually make real. There's Edgar Allan Poe stories and Sherlock Holmes stories. Lloyd has continued to fight for recognition, recompense, and an apology. And I feel for them for that. Advancing Voluntary, Informed Consent to Medical Intervention, Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients mostly women. Cameron's work stopped when she gave birth, and Lloyd remembered a broken mother. And these are pictures of him, these are both in the Adirondack Mountains. He received an M.B., Ch.B. Amory: Hey, Dad, let's get out of here!, Duncan: I can remember doing that several times. The psychiatric community could have questioned his methods, but they remained silent. Finally, while the person is in isolated confinement, in LSD altered states of consciousness, and deprived of sensory stimulation, adequate food, water, and oxygen, the subject would be bombarded by psychic driving by use of a football helmet clamped to the head with taped messages played for hours non-stop up to a half-million times, messages such as my mother hates me. (McCoy, 2007). Care of his patients went to his assistants, and here's where things get even weirder. He was always attracted to these subjects for which there was no easy answer. We want to hear from you! By that time, information on Cameron's sleep room projects was coming out, and there were all kinds of people who were very quick to distance themselves from it. When then-CIA director Stansfield Turner testified about the program in 1977, he said (via the Smithsonian) that the bottom line was to develop "the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human behavior." [26] His "psychic driving" experiments consisted of putting a subject into a drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple statements. Duncan: Well, that's a big subject. Amory: With the information we do have about Cameron, we know this: his so-called treatment didnt cure mental illness, and it didnt control peoples minds. They were destroyed. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936. Marian Read: So for me, the importance of all of this is to get it out of the shadows of pulp fiction, you know Amory: This is Marian Read. [10] There he met A. T. Mathers, Manitoba's principal psychiatrist, who convinced Cameron in 1929 to move to Brandon, the second largest city of Manitoba, Canada. "[35] She then cites Alfred W. McCoy: "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Cameron's experiments, building upon Donald O. Hebb's earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method. We encourage you to research and examine these records . His death occurred while climbing a mountain. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether. The second stage involved extreme, high voltage multiple electroshock treatments three times daily. And they haven't been super successful. Maybe the people responsible are waiting for all of us to forget. And, later on to guidebooks for what we now call enhanced interrogation at places like Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. Allan Cameron. In this manner, somatic causes could be compared. Which suggests it was for purposes of, not closure, but of not wanting information to come to light that was in the papers. And people talk about the transmission of trauma through generations. Amory: Duncan has a very different picture of his father, a whole bunch of them actually. So you can see that the work of Ewen Cameron, filtered through Gottlieb, definitely informs the interrogation techniques, if we want to call them that, that the United States has been using on its prisoners in Guantanamo and in black sites around the world. Cameron began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the CIA. [citation needed]; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. Part of Camerons plan for his patients was to wipe their minds clean, to make them forget their past, so they could move forward. There's my father and my mother. Cameron never got his Nobel Prize in fact, he died not long after leaving Allan Memorial Institute. He actually has a smile. In Cameron, the CIA had a psychiatrist, conveniently outside the United States, who was willing to do terminal experiments in electroshock, sensory deprivation, drug testing, and all of the above combined. Ben: But, as human experiments at the Allan Memorial Institute, and MK-ULTRAs mind control efforts, fade into history, reduced to references in tv shows and video game plot points, there are troubling examples of these techniques still in use today. He saw no reason why psychiatry should be any different. Being compared to the Nazi's most notorious doctor probably isn't the life goal of most medical professionals, so let's look at what he did to deserve this dubious title. In 1938 he moved to Albany, New York, where he received his diplomate in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry. Birthdate: June 04, 1906. The Guardian talked to Alison Steel, Jean's daughter and one of the many family members trying to shine a light on what was done to their loved ones without their consent. The work of Dr. Ewen Cameron may have been discredited by mainstream psychiatry, but that doesn't mean it went away completely. Lloyd Schrier, son of Cameron patient Esther Schrier, told the CBC, "Oh, 'He was God-like,' they would say." Many spent this period of time in what he called the "sleep room," where they were drugged into a medically-induced coma that they were brought out of only to be given three meals a day and the occasional trip to the bathroom. . Velma Orlikow, for instance, was dealing with postpartum depression. 22 As the Watergate scandal broke in 1973, MKUltra was officially ordered to be shut down by the CIA. The idea was to first "depattern" the person in question. John Marks: There must have been clinical documents. And we would take off. Cameron used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. He had a Mercedes. Marian: It's become so embedded in our narrative, in our pop culture, without people really understanding that it happened It was real. Another patient was suffering from leg pains that no one had been able to diagnose. You can buy the full book for only . Amory: Marian was 5 years old when her mom was admitted to the Allan for what she thinks was postpartum depression. Donald Ewen Cameron 24 December 1901 - 8 September 1967)[1] was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. Ben: Robert Cleghorn, a former member of Camerons staff, took over after Cameron stepped down. Cameron's concerns extended to his policies determining who should have children and advance to positions of authority. Ben: Street Mountain is a strange choice for a bucket list. McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of Minneapolis, Hennepin, Minnesota, USA, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. Duncan: Not really, I certainly don't know anything about the treatments he was using, I didnt know anything about that. She had no idea how to boil water, much less care for a child. Amory: Theres a reason that all the photos of Ewen Cameron are from more than 50 years ago. According to The Guardian, it started with playing tapes designed to tap into the reason the patient sought help in the first place. And that kind of explains why, when they were ordered to stop their depatterning and psychic driving of patients, they just sort of didn't. More about the Cameron family name; Sponsored by Ancestry. Duncan: And I've said Im unable to do that. There must have been records of experiments. Duncan: Well, I think he was always fascinated in the future. But he has fond childhood memories of summers spent in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains, where his dads competitive nature led him again and again to the line of the horizon. Amory: Duncan knows how to be very careful about what he says. Were they *destroyed* or did you just take the patients name out? Our username is. It is true. He was a person who was always looking for a way of advancing the field. He first solved the problem by wiring the speakers into football helmets and locking them onto patients' heads, but that ended up being not ideal. Cameron focused primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and applied the British and European schools and models of the practice. I mean, he was that much of a scientist. Heads up that some elements (i.e. Police, hospitals, government, and schools would need to use the correct psychiatric authority to stop mental contagions from spreading. Ben: Her dad couldnt afford childcare, so soon after Marians mother went into the Allan, social services took Marian and her two younger brothers away because there was no parent to take care of them. We love making Endless Thread, and we want to be able to keep making it far into the future. He published a book called Remembering[18] and extended psychiatric links to human biology. . from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. [23][24] He is unrelated to another CIA psychiatrist, Alan S. Cameron, who helped pioneer psychological profiling of world leaders during the 1970s and was not associated with the behavioral modification research program. "He was supposed to do wonders with people with depression or mental health issues." If he had a choice he would have kept living forever. And he was a fast driver. The U.S. wanted to know just how such a thing could possibly happen, and Dr. Ewen Cameron had a theory: brainwashing. This was made into a TV mini-series directed by Anne Wheeler in 1998, called The Sleep Room, which also dramatizes the lawsuit of Cameron's ex-patients against the CIA. Those were right out. Ben: But Duncan is still, in some ways, trying to defend his dads honor. Death: June 18, 1958 (52) Immediate Family: Son of Sir Ewen Allan Cameron and Rachel Margaret Cameron. He has an open, amused look on his face. Skip Ancestry . While he didn't name names or give specifics, he did say that papers "related to patients were destroyed.". We encourage you to research and examine these records to . And in a sense, that's what he wanted to do professionally. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. He received an M.B., Ch.B. Ben: Did you ever get a sense of at least some of the things that he was trying to accomplish while he was at the Allan? Duncan: Well, I didnt destroy the documents. Although Cameron rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. Amory: What we know of Camerons work comes from family accounts like Marian's, a few hard-won medical documents, and detailed descriptions of his techniques from his own journal articles and speeches. Or do you remember any of --. In his 1946 paper entitled "Frontiers of Social Psychiatry", he used the case of World War II Germany as an example where society poisoned the minds of citizens by creating a general anxiety or neurosis.[19]. Kinzer: This idea of some evil scientists taking control of someone else's mind is a wonderfully appealing trope, and it's been used repeatedly in very popular movies and books and stories. (Rubenstein LS. The National Post reports that in 1992, 77 of Cameron's patients were awarded an ex gratia settlement of $100,000, and that's all well and good, but claims made by more than 250 other people were rejected for various reasons. He wanted to cure schizophrenia, and win a Nobel Prize for it. In 1943, Cameron was invited to McGill University in Montreal by neurosurgeon Dr Wilder Penfield. [17] Cameron argued that it was necessary for behavioral scientists to act as the social planners of society, and that the United Nations could provide a conduit for implementing his ideas for applying psychiatric elements to global governance and politics. [14] Hess later confessed that he had faked the amnesia. These became the basis of a new social and behavioural science that he would later institute through his presidencies of the Canadian, American and World Psychiatric Associations, the American Psychopathological Association and the Society of Biological Psychiatry. [citation needed] Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. [clarification needed] Those Germans affected by the events that led to World War II were of utmost concern. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.. Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. After he left, his position as chair of the department of psychiatry was handed to Robert Cleghorn. Ben: The main takeaway here is Duncan admitting that he did remove documents pertaining to specific patients, before giving his dads papers to the archives. And he was searching for ways of doing something about them. He had patients. Duncan: I started work at the State Department just a day or so before Kennedy was assassinated. [7], Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. 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