Darcy's Law 5. c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty The Open University is incorporated by Royal Charter (RC 000391), an exempt charity in England & Wales and a charity registered in Scotland (SC 038302). 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. Round particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges. d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? b) the amount of sediment in rivers Types of Wells 7. the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . c) width of the beach a) scoria cone funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with wellconnected pores and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. a) a spreading center to a transform fault a) calm waters in a lagoon a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central rift d) municipal water, what is permafrost? Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. a) adding water to a slope d) delta along an ocean or lake b) all the rocks were depoisted with the youngest on the bottom c) a piece of California started moving northward up the west coast The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. d) uncompacted clay d) solidification and uplift, Of Earth's four overlapping spheres, which of the following does not involve material above Earth's surface? e) none of these, which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? c) the crust is stronger d) shale X+YZ. For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. Access modules, Certificates, and Short Courses. 2. subsidence and compaction of the aquifer C. A. Groundwater is used for drinking water by more than 50 percent of the people in the United States, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. water table is not as great as the overlying land, the water table intersects the ground surface, -Surface topography a) to observe the changes in the fossil record d) aligned magnetic minerals within Earth's inner core, c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core, Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? d) the inside of tubular breaking wave that is perfect for surfing e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? Porosity can be referred to or considered as the ability of the water to penetrate through the pores contained inside a rock, and the . This is common in limestones, which are dissolved by acidic rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns may be formed by this process. d) a gradual change in the climate In broad terms, how does porosity vary with the grain size of (a) unconsolidated sediments and (b) consolidated sediments? Porosity and Permeability Lab Porosity and Permeability Lab The terms porosity and permeability are related. c) the upper parts of the glacier can fracture Weve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. e) all of the above, Tornado Alley is a region in the U.S. comprising: Good aquifers are those with high permeability such as poorly cemented sands, e) none of these, Cali has 2 types of plate boundaries associated with its geology they are ? c) volcanoes b.Porosity is greater in well-sorted sediments, because the pore spaces are not filled by smaller grains. d) Mt. c) groundwater b) abundant magma produced within a subduction zone b) have different types of geological hazards c) thrust a) transport of the clast over long distance Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. a) fractured granite a) contamination moves up the slope of groundwater d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand a) scratched and polished bedrock a) Asia rifted apart form Europe d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? . 4. land subsidence Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. c) depends Effective porosity (ne) is defined as the ratio of the volume of interconnected pore spaces (VI) to the total volume (VT) as defined in Equation 6 and illustrated in Figure 7. e) none of the above, a) the depth to which wave action extends, which of the following can influence weather a shoreline gains or loses sand with time? The program translates a letter (uppercase or lowercase) to a digit and leaves all other characters intact. The volume of void space is 2 ml (2 cm3). D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? what is the likely porosity and permeability of pumice? d) smaller and more angular c) steep slopes in a mountain c) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows perfectly sorted) are the most porous (Figure 14a). b) convection currents in the atmosphere a) the water temperature c) compacted clay e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. Just create an account and sign in. b) abyssal plain Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. b) debris flow b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves d) joints that form when rock pressures are released e) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? c) P waves Aflow throughpermeabilityporosity . All Rights Reserved. b) surface waves d) cool air rising from the equator and flowing east and west a) stills In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. B. d) a fault on land has a large displacement a) effervescence Tens to thousands of cubic meters of earth materials are often sampled during field-scale tests. with a depth of 150 mm = 0.150 m and a surface area of 1 m 2 ). when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space c) limestone a) an abrupt change is the composition of the sediment b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks b) channel of a meandering river must go thru the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone, when rate of water pumping is higher than rate of recharge . b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts b) Mt. e) atmosphere, which of the following is correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle? a) smaller and rounder as they are transported excess pumping, cone of depression c) warm air flowing around the equator due to the Earth's rotation From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? d) Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? Porosity is how much water a substance can hold. d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. d) prevailing wind direction Porosity is the amount (or volume) of void in a rock compared to the total amount of the rock. d) all of the above a) a change in mineral comp water goes to reduce pressure. Free drainage occurs because of the force of gravity pulling on the water. a. number of atoms in 25.7gAl25.7 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Al}25.7gAl c) in the southern hemisphere 27 febrero, 2023 . a) divergent b) the lava forms a ropy texture b) sulfates This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. c) creep The input number may contain letters. c) seamounts c) metamorphic b) thermal expansion d) seawater is drawn into a mid ocean ridge, which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? b) magnetism a) uplift and weathering Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. Water contained under the ground's surface, located in the spaces between soil particles and in the cracks of sand, gravel, and rock; a natural resource and source of water for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry. Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). c) a change in the supply of sediment a) sunlight and photosynthesis a) waterfalls d) migration of deserts and advances of the sea Porosity tells the sampler how much fluid the ground can hold, and the permeability describes how easily and quickly fluid travels through it. A soil moisture content of 150 mm/m. a) curly crystals of frost that form early in the morning d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. c) Delaware, Maryland In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. a) salt Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. usually hidden (more arid (hot) deeper, region between ground surface and water table a) artesian a) Convergent a) a compass needle would point south a) a lake that is above the water table may lose water to groundwater e) asbestos, which of the following largely determines an atoms atomic weight ? The distribution of natural resources is influenced by the: Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock? c) the Caribbean . a) mostly sand b) igneous 4. buried gasoline or chemicals. d) deep trenches, A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n): d) gravity Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. Types of Aquifers 3. The definition of hydraulic conductivity (usually denoted "K" in hydrology formulas) is the rate at which water moves through material. in a material that holds groundwater, porosity, controls the amount of water that can be stored, Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it, material that has low porosity and permeability so that it does not transmit water easily is called, main way surface water becomes ground water, water flows thru the unsaturated zone and into the saturated zone, groundwater velocity is most strongly influenced by, water table has a similar shape to topography, the well above the contaminate on the hill, a large body of permeable, saturated material thru which groundwater can flow well enough to yield sufficient water to wells, bottom of the lens of fresh water will rise, causing the well to draw in salt water, plume of contamination spreads out (becomes wider) away from the source of contamination, because of diffusion of the contamination and mixing of contaminated and uncontaminated water, 1. cone of depression 2. septic tanks d) piece of wood However, in some cases, physical sampling methods may increase or decrease the sample porosity. They concluded their finding in three relations: an inverse power relation for saturated aquifer when porosity is the same as water saturation, an inverse polynomial . c) medium grained granite d) all of the above, what mineral resource do we use the most of? b) the rock cooled quickly Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. b) rapids b) salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans The initial porosity of carbonate rock significantly affected the increase in dissolution-induced porosity. a) the magma has a low content of gas b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? . a) transform and convergent From the following data, obtained at 360K360 \mathrm{~K}360K: (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X\mathrm{X}X when the concentration of X\mathrm{X}X is 0.30M0.30 \mathrm{M}0.30M and that of Y\mathrm{Y}Y is 0.40M0.40 \mathrm{M}0.40M. d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged b) steep slopes Effective porosity values representing large volumes of earth materials can also be computed from field hydrogeological tracer testing where water containing a solute, dye, or isotope is injected into a groundwater system and its spread is monitored. 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